Enthalpy of Reaction Definition

The enthalpy of reaction (ΔHRXN) is the difference between the total enthalpy of the products of a reaction and the total enthalpy of the reactants.

History 53 Judaism Essay - 1737 Words

HISTORY 53 FINAL 1 Id-According to the Old Testament, what massacre took place shortly after Moses received the 10 Commandments and why did it take place? Briefly list the main events in Moses’ life according to the Old Testament. Do any Egyptian sources confirm the events narrated in the Old Testament? 2 Id- When was the kingdom of Judah conquered by the Babylonians? Who destroyed the northern kingdom (Israel) and when? Who were the Prophets within Judaism and what was the focus of their message? How what they did and said can be compared to what Jesus did and said? When did Jewish people transition from pastoralism to agriculture and from being nomadic to sedentary? 3 Id-Where and when did Zoroastrianism originate? How did†¦show more content†¦What was it? What was the Witch Hunt? How was confession obtained? Why were midwives often victims of the Witch Hunt? What is the idea of Manifest Destiny? How can it be justified religiously? How was Christianity used to justify the colonization of the Americas? When did the Crusades take place and what were they? How did St. Augustine lay the theoretical groundwork for the forced conversions of millions of people throughout the world? 14 Id-Who was John Calvin? How did Protestantism contribute to the development of capitalism? Does capitalism seem to fit with Jesus’ message about wealth? What major changes did Martin Luther advocate? What was Martin Luther’s approach on priestly celibacy? Who was St. Francs of Assisi and why was he criticized by Martin Luther? What was Martin Luther’s attitude toward Jewish people? 15 E-Did the creation of Protestantism occur peacefully? Why were many rulers attracted by Martin Luther’s message? In terms of the 6 Ways, how did Protestantism switch the emphasis within Christianity? When did the Council of Trent take place and how did it change Catholicism? Why was the â€Å"discovery† of the Americas troublesome for the Church? Why were the astronomical discoveries of Copernicus and Galileo opposed by the Church? What kind of changes took place during the 1962 Second Vatican Council? 16 Id-What are the 7 sacraments of Catholicism? Would it be fair to say that women had a subordinate role inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Matthews Christology1423 Words   |  6 Pages Matthew’s Christology is one that emphasises to a Jewish audience the Jewishness of Jesus. It will be the purpose of this paper to argue that the raison d’etre of Matthew’s Christology is to portray Jesus as entirely compatible if not with the Judaism of his day then with ancient Judaic tradition, namely the Old Testament. Whilst there are numerous titles given to Jesus that are exclusive/predominant within the Matthean account, such as that of Son of God, it is the writer’s assertion that theseRead MoreThree Main Religions in the Continent of Asia907 Words   |  4 Pagesprimarily one of three religions; Christian, Judaism, or Islam. These religions all have different practices, rituals, and teachings but also have some similarities. Each religion has their own holy book, key cites, worship places, and special religious holidays. In Southwest Asia, your religion is based on your family history, beliefs, customs, and traditions. The first religion to get founded was Judaism, nearly four thousand years ago. Judaism originated as the beliefs and practices ofRead More Islam, Judaism, Catholicism, and Protestantism Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesIslam, Judaism, Catholicism, and Protestantism I. Islam The Muslims’ main sacred text is the Koran, which they believe Gabriel gave to Mohammad from God. Muslims believe that the Koran is the final revelation from God, as the Bible has been â€Å"corrupted† upon translation. My passage is Isaiah 53 where it talks about a suffering servant for Israel. While Christians believe this is a prophecy of Jesus, Muslims believe that Jesus was only a prophet. They believe Jesus was never crucifiedRead MoreWhy Arent Jewish Women Circumcised? by Shayne J.D. Cohen1326 Words   |  6 Pagesand lay people. Furthermore, he states that â€Å"In this book I am interested not only in the history of Jewish circumcision but also, and perhaps even more so, in the history of Jewishness.† (Cohen, pg.xii) In other words, Cohen not only presents the reader with the history of the question, but also the history of the Jews and Christians. Overall, Shayne J. D. Cohen brings up the issue of gender within Judaism when he asks the question, also known as the title of the book, â€Å"Why aren’t Jewish women circumcisedRead MoreSt. Pauls Missions Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pages warned him to leave the city. Paul escaped to Caesarea, on to Cilicia-Syria, then to his hometown of Tarsus. Paul’s plan for evangelism led him to what was considered the â€Å"civilized world† of the Roman Empire, leaving to others the centers of Judaism – Palestine, Alexandria, and Babylon. Paul’s movement westward was from Antioch to Cilicia, Galatia and Pamphylia, Asia Minor, Macedonia and Greece, Italy, and Spain. Paul’s strategic plan was to stretch churches and the gospel from Antioch throughoutRead MoreReligion At The University Of Dayton1552 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Religious Studies and Theology class, students focus on strictly secular viewpoints of Judaism and Islam. According to William Portier, they learn about the groundbreaking events for each religion, such as â€Å"the Passover meal, the eucharist, [and] the pilgrimage to Mecca† (Portier 53). The text â€Å"What Do Our Neighbors Believe?† discusses the origins, significant events, and key people of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It discusses these religions f rom a historical viewpoint, such as theRead MoreCulture Essay : Israel s Zionists Of America Convention Speech 1708 Words   |  7 Pagesculture spreads out from many different foundations that would allow Israel itself to thrive. Israel has such a great history behind it. There has been a great deal of events that have occurred in this country. A lot of the history is still standing today and is still in fact being talked about. However violence and disagreements have contribute a serious role in Israel’s short history. In just the six one years Israel has been declared a state they have fought in six wars, two civil wars, and overRead MoreThe Old Testament And The New Testament1069 Words   |  5 PagesBible is a collection of sacred texts in Judaism and Christianity. In the Christian Bible, these collections of texts are divided into two major complimentary sections, the Old Testament and the New Testament. Where the Old Testament is foundational, containing prophecies and providing the history of people, the New Testament builds up on the Old Testament with more revelations from God, fulfilling the many prophecies announced and providing the history of one Person, Jesus Christ. The Old TestamentRead MoreChristianity, A Religion That Branched From Judaism And Formation Of The World965 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity is a religion that branched from Judaism and began in Palestine. Christianity was first practiced around 200 B.C.E. Christianity is the largest practiced religion in the world to date. This religion is practiced throughout the world in many different ways. There were approximately 43,000 different denominations of Christianity in the world during the year 2012. However, the teachings are so similar because a denomination is a separate organization, which means they do not have to haveRead MoreEngland Is The Most Populated County Of The United Kingdom1377 Words   |  6 Pagesthe southern part of England. Also there are uplands in the north Like the mountainous Lake District, Pennies, and Yorkshire Dales. The capital of England is London. Which is the largest urban zone in the European Union. It has a population of over 53 million people. This is about 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London. Religion The religion of england mostly consists of Christianity as that was what the country’s main religion was. Over time England became

Formulation Model on Performance Measurement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Formulation Model on Performance Measurement. Answer: Introduction: Individualistic culture refers to the diverse population and the personal achievement (Trappey, Trappey and Mulaomerovic 2016). However, in an individualistic culture the individuals are considered as good and independent. Hence, in an organization it is important to give value to the culture of each individual to bring the cultural diversity in the workplace (Gorodnichenko and Roland 2016). On the other hand, masculinity refers to the male and the masculine traits. On the other hand, femininity refers to the womanliness and the feminine traits. These three components have a great impact on the organizational design and the management structure. Providing respect to the cultural value of the individuals within the workplace is a vital element of the organizational design. However, it is important for the organization to understand the belief and the perspectives of the each individual from different cultures. This will enable them to maximize the collaborative work in an organization. However, cultural discrimination with the individuals within the workplace may affect the image of an organization (Oyserman 2016). In order to bring the cultural diversity an organizational design needs to provide equal opportunity to the each individual in a workplace those belong from the different cultures. Therefore, effective communication is a part of organizational structure and the management structure. In order to establish a good communication with the employees it is necessary for the organization to give value to individualistic culture as it makes the management effective and improve the structure of the organization. Masculinity and femininity have a major impact on the organizational design. However, it is crucial for the organization to reduce the gender discrimination and give the similar opportunity both male and female employees within the organization based on their capabilities. Gender discrimination within the workplace affects the management structure and the organizational design (Mikucka 2014). Therefore, it is important for the business organization to provide better opportunity to the female workers as women need more support from the society to improve them personally and professionally. Providing support and better scope during their work an organization may able to build a good image. A good organizational design includes fair framework and transparency which provides equal right to the employees from different religions. On the other hand, there should not be any gender discrimination within an organizational design and management structure as it will leave negative impact on the brand imag e of an organization. The management needs to adopt more strategy that will enable them to provide respect to the individualistic culture and the opportunity to both male and female workers. In order to develop a good organizational structure and strong management it is crucial for all business organization to reserve the employee right those belong from different cultures. Therefore, providing equal opportunity to the employees can be done through incorporating reduction of gender discrimination and providing value to the individualistic culture within the organizational design. Comparison between the strategy formulation and strategy implementation Strategy formulation is a method through which an organization is able to select appropriate techniques to meet their defined objectives (WANG et al. 2016). On the other hand, implementation of the strategy is the process that includes various stages to achieve the desired goal of an organization. Strategy formulation and strategy implementation both are the vital elements of the business framework while strategy formulation is more important rather than the strategy implementation. However, strategy formulation consists of a framework that leads an organization to get the anticipated outcomes. Formulation of the strategy is based on the changing environment and a strategic plan is developed to communicate with the certain changes in an organization (Wheelez and Hunger 2017). Formulation of the strategy allows the organization to evaluate their resources and the budgets. However, if an organization implements strategy before proper formulation of such strategy then it may affect the budget and profitability of the organization. In order to maximize the organizational ROI or return on investment strategy formulation is important before strategy implementation. Strategy formulation needs proper time and it communicates with the vision and mission of an organization. Therefore, the employees are able to understand the purpose of the strategic planning before implementing it. Strategy formulation includes the strategic mission, strategic objectives, competitive strategy and evaluation of the progress. These elements are essential for strategy implementation in an organization. Strategic formulation is important than the strategic implementation as it focuses on the competitiveness of an organization. In order achieve the competitive advantages formulation of the sound strategy is necessary before the implementation of it. Apart from this from the strategic formulation the organization gets an idea about their resource allocation to incorporate the developed strateg ic plan in the existing system. Strategy implementation depends on the strategy formulation as formulation of the strategy gives a rigid framework of the strategic planning according to which the strategy can be implemented (Chang 2016). However, if a business organization implement their strategy without formulating it previously then it will harm their success of the business. On the other hand, if the business organization formulate the strategy properly then it will be easier for them to incorporate such strategic planning in their business. Moreover, strategic formulation provides an overview of the developed strategic plan that leads the organization to give shape the strategic planning by taking proper techniques. Strategy implementation is totally based on the strategy formulation. Hence, without strategy formulation strategy implementation cannot be done (Ahearne, Lam and Kraus 2014). In order to implement a strategic planning a preliminary idea is required for the employees of the organization. Hence, without a guideline it is difficult for the employees to incorporate the strategies within the system of the organization. However, a formulation of the strategy enables the organization to forecast the profit or loss regarding such strategy before implementing it. Thus, if the strategy is not formulated properly then the organization will not be able to get success from the implemented strategy. Reflective assessment According to the above analysis it has been found that individualistic culture, masculinity and femininity have a great impact on the organizational design and management structure. On the other hand, it is important for the business organization to formulate their strategic plan before implementing it to control the budget (Chang 2016). According to me cultural diversification can be achieved within an organizational design by providing value to the culture of the each individual within the organization. This will maximize the collaboration of the employees and the management. On the other hand, reduction of the gender discrimination within the organization is required for a good organizational design. However, providing similar opportunity to the male and female workers within the organization can improve the image of the company. Regarding me the organization should formulate a proper business strategy before implanting the business as without the formulation of the strategy it is too hard to the organization to give shape to the strategic planning. Therefore, it can be said that success of a strategic implementation is based on the proper strategic formulation in an organization as the overall success of a business is based on the strategic formulation. Moreover, it can be found by me that to develop a good organizational structure the management needs to communicate with their employees belong from the different culture as it will build a trust between the employees and the management, which reduces the cultural inequality. References Ahearne, M., Lam, S.K. and Kraus, F., 2014. Performance impact of middle managers' adaptive strategy implementation: The role of social capital.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.68-87. Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Gorodnichenko, Y. and Roland, G., 2016. Culture, institutions and the wealth of nations.Review of Economics and Statistics, (0). Mikucka, M., 2014. Does individualistic culture lower the well-being of the unemployed? Evidence from Europe.Journal of Happiness Studies,15(3), pp.673-691. Oyserman, D., 2016. What does a priming perspective reveal about culture: culture-as-situated cognition.Current Opinion in Psychology,12, pp.94-99. Trappey, C.V., Trappey, A.J. and Mulaomerovic, E., 2016. Improving the global competitiveness of retailers using a cultural analysis of in-store digital innovations.International Journal of Technology Management,70(1), pp.25-43. WANG, J., Wang, T., Yin, Y., Wang, Q. and MATSUKAWA, H., 2016. A Strategic Formulation Model Based on Performance Measurement Scales of SCM.Innovation and Supply Chain Management,10(3), pp.81-92. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Rights people lose on public school property

Public schools are institutions funded by government through taxpayers’ money, and that is why is owns most of the schools. The heads of schools are accountable to the government because they bear responsibility for running public schools. Government supervises many institutions, from elementary level school to Universities. Even though there is an opinion that there is little supervision on the heads of schools, the government has created a special department which follows schools heads’ performance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rights people lose on public school property specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Schools have become the place for embezzlement of funds. Corruption can interfere learning in many ways. The heads of school siphon millions of dollars annually through crooked reason leaving children with outdated and discarded books, which eventually lead to their unintentional failu re (Segal 102). Frauds by the heads of schools always hinder development in such schools. This forces some children to learn in unfinished classrooms, without chairs, etc. This deprives the innocent children of their right for healthy and supportive environment. Joel Turtel writes that our public schools have become an educational menace to our children. He shows statistics for 2002 in the New York State Department of Education on public schools where 65% of elementary students, 90% of intermediate student and 84% of high school students failed to meet the New York Standards (86). This failure should be partially attributed to the administration fraud and partially to the students’ irresponsible attitude to studying. Teachers are often overworked due to their little number in comparison with many children. Teachers do not give children attention they need and children may go home with some lessons missed which may lead to class failure at the end of the term. A public school can also turn to be a dangerous place because of violence (Segal 46). Teenagers often lack judgment and cannot control their emotion. With the class, having teenagers of different ages, bullying of younger children by their elders is something inevitable. With no teachers around, children have more time to interact with each other eventually budding peer pressure. Peer pressure makes the class a natural breeding place for drug abuse. Children’s right of protection from substance abuse is therefore suspended. With substance abuse, parents do not expect their children to deliver something substantial from school. Adolescents always have raging hormones and arousing sexuality. Therefore with the critical issue of socialization in public schools, younger girls will end up dropping out of school because of unwanted pregnancies. I believe that bullying, peer pressure, and sexual tension create an environment which is non-blissful and violent. Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mandatory attendance law also contributes to violation of children rights. The law forces children to sit in boring classes from six up to eight hours consequently. This kills desire for learning. Those teenagers who are forced to be at school will take their aggression on other students. The compulsory attendance law helps government own children for 12 years and at the same time assuming the parental responsibility. With all the 12 years, parents have little to say on matters regarding their children. The school authorities nowadays threaten parent with arrest if they choose not to comply with the compulsory attendance law, but many scholars believe this is wrong (Alexander and Alexander 257). Disabled children also face discrimination in public schools. It becomes hectic for the socially impaired children to interact with other kids. They always have motives that other childre n will subject them to insults. This adds another potential layer of violence. Violence can often kill a child morally. One of the parental responsibilities is protecting their children from adverse sex behaviors. Yet many public schools still force potentially harmful sex education into the brains of the innocent students. Most of the time parents have no control over the content of the classes and hence their children may end up spoiled by the bad values taught. I mean that the failure to incorporate appropriate sexual education, failure of a teacher to create a contact between him/herself and students may lead to controversial effect. Therefore, the lack of attention of a teacher to his/her students and the inability to implement appropriate sexual education may lead to increase of the violence, but not the understanding of the protected healthy sexual relations. Some public schools tend to turn their students against their parents. They tell them stories about child abuse, whic h make children become suspicious. Some school authorities inquire teachers to ask children how their parents behave at home. Many public schools now teach children anti-Christianity and try to mold children’s mind in a way that they embrace different religions (Turtel 52). Showing children that all religions are good and should be respected, teachers fail to stress on Christianity as native religion and many children are confused. Believing that children are at good hands, parents do not pay much attention to their children and harm them greatly.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rights people lose on public school property specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People lose their rights mainly because of mismanagement characterizing public schools which is the part of public school property. This gives the implication that the federal government should put more effort in ensuring that these rights are m aintained. This can only be achieved by ensuring that the publics are enlightened on the statutes that govern the country. Therefore, public school property depends on many factors and the failure to meet some specific laws, norms of behavior and teaching may result in loss of rights. Work Cited Alexander, Kern and M. David Alexander. American public school law. Cengage Learning, 2005. Print. Segal, Lydia G, et al. Battling Corruption in America’s Public Schools. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print. Turtel, J. Public Schools, Public Menace: How Public Schools Lie to Parents and Betray Our Children. New York: Liberty Books, 2005. Print. This research paper on Rights people lose on public school property was written and submitted by user Jerimiah Schwartz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

MPD essays

MPD essays Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) was first recognized and described by the French physician Pierre Janet in the late 19th century. The disorder is a very rare psychological disorder in which a person has two or more distinct personalities, each one with its own thoughts, feelings, and patterns of behaviour. The personalities are often direct opposites and dominate at different times, with abrupt changes triggered by events or memories. The cause of MPD is not clearly understood, but the condition seems to be associated with severe physical abuse and neglect in childhood. MPD often occurs in childhood, but may not be recognized until much later. It has two main causes. The first is a capacity for profound dissociated; in fact, MPD patients tend to be hypnotizable. The second is a history of childhood trauma, mostly a combination of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. An MPD patient is very much in touch with reality. However, if the patient does not want to face reality, they can escape that through dissociation, 1 in which the host (the original personality- see glossary for more details) is able to avoid experiencing or dealing with an intolerable episode by turning it over to an alter (an alternate personality- #see glossary for more details) who lives through those experiences instead of the host. Dissociation might initially have been used as a defense against what the patient found to be trauma or abuse. A large majority of MPD patients report a history of abuse, and a majority of those report instances of incest. Also, another frequently reported trauma is witnessing a violent death. At least three-quarters of known cases of MPD report personalities that are under the age of twelve. Alters tend to come out when the host cannot deal with memories or thoughts associated with the abuse earlier on in his or her life. The number of alters that an MPD patient has ranges anywhe ...

Hack, Hacker and Hacking

Hack, Hacker and Hacking Hack, Hacker and Hacking Hack, Hacker and Hacking By Maeve Maddox A reader is puzzled by a new permutation of the word hack: The word hack, until recently, meant to break into someones Internet account or system. Now I see it meaning tips or suggestions.   Am I correct? Like this reader, the only meaning that hack held for me in regard to computers was as a verb meaning â€Å"to illegally enter a computer system.† I too was surprised to come across headlines like the following: 100 Life Hacks That Make Life Easier 23 Inventive Hacks That Every Parent Should Know Millennials Are Ditching Delivery for This Dinner Hack Best Travel Hacks 17 Thanksgiving Hacks For The Best Meal Of Your Life How did hack go from â€Å"illegal computer activity† to â€Å"a tip for making things easier to do†? Looking a little further, I find that hack and hacking to connote only malicious unauthorized access to computer files may reflect general usage, but not that of programmers who are proud to be known as â€Å"hackers.† The OED has ten entries for the word hack: five as a noun, four as a verb, and one as a combining form. The verb hack in the sense of â€Å"to cut with heavy blows† has been in the language since the early 13th century, but the use of hack in the context of computer programming dates from the 1970s. Note: Hack in the sense of â€Å"to cope with† dates from 1955: â€Å"I can’t hack all this extra work.† The etymology of the computer term hack is not certain. According to one theory, it derives from the noun hack used as tech slang for â€Å"one who works like a hack at writing and experimenting with software, one who enjoys computer programming for its own sake. (OnlineEtymologyDictionary). The noun hacker does not carry a connotation of illegal activity in the following OED citations from 1976: The compulsive programmer, or hacker as he calls himself, is usually a superb technician. The compulsive programmer spends all the time he can working on one of his big projects. ‘Working’ is not the word he uses; he calls what he does ‘hacking’. The earliest citation that associates the word hacking with illegal activity is dated 1983: Hacking, as the practice of gaining illegal or unauthorized access to other peoples computers is called. Because hack, hacker, and hacking have such varied connotations, writers should consider the intended audience when using them. In the programming community, hacker and hacking are good things, or at least neutral. Using an adjective to describe the bad kind might be useful when writing for programmers, for example, â€Å"malicious hacking† or â€Å"illegal hacking.† As for the noun hack meaning â€Å"tip,† â€Å"suggestion,† or â€Å"work-around,† I expect the usage will become embedded in computer-speak. The trendy use of hack in the context of cooking, parenting, and other non-computer-related fields, however, will probably eventually revert to tip or suggestion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in Sâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†The Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Wrongful Convictions - Death Penalty and Innocence Essay

Wrongful Convictions - Death Penalty and Innocence - Essay Example I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call." Professor John McAdams, Marquette University Law is one of the most intricate aspects of socio-political life; it revolves around the life of individuals and helps them coexist in tandem with one another. It is based on a philosophy as talked about by eminent thinkers and its very features emanate a sort of philosophical thinking on the basis of what law exactly is. Law generates human behaviour and is answerable for the actions of the people; it thus control and regulates the manner in which people exist around each other and thus, it poses an intellectual question as to how it carries out the same function. Within a society thus, if people commit crimes or harass others and intrude upon their peaceful living, they are bound to be punished, and since times immemorial, one of the worst punishments that a person may be given is a death penalty. The definition of the term death penalty is ‘putting a condemned person to death’. (Definition - Death Penalty). This means that if a person kills someone, in most cases, he himself will get sentenced to death. At the same time, it is pertinent to note that many countries around the world have abolished the charge of a death penalty to their citizens despite the heinous acts that they may commit. Other countries, for example, India, still make use of the death penalty in the rarest of rare cases. Current trends in the United States of America suggest that the death penalty is administered to people committing crimes ranging from drug trafficking to aggravated murder, and one of the most common forms of the execution involves the use of a lethal injection which has been opposed by numerous human rights groups. In 2011 itself, 43 executions have taken place with the lethal injection (Facts About Death Penalty). However, there are many states within the US, for example, Michigan, Hawaii, and Alaska, which have banned the death sentence altog ether. In America, there is acclaimed public support for death penalties as well because the people believe in truly punishing those that commit grave crimes like murders. Since the 1980s, this trend seems to be in the proposition of the public. Michigan was the first state with an English-speaking government that banned the death sentence for all crimes except for treason. Giving any individual the death penalty is a tough task to process because it involves pin pointing a certain crime onto a person that has shocked all of society; since the punishment depends on the gravity of the crime committed, it is pertinent to understand the reason for giving a death penalty in many parts of the world even today. However, according to personal opinion, the death penalty should only be reserved for the worst crimes and the rarest of rare cases because as discussed within this paper, it is difficult to segregate the innocent people from those that are indeed guilty and wrongfully giving the d eath penalty will result in creating many more criminals rather than fix the society. Causes of Wrongful Conviction Eyewitness error The memory of an individual may be either blurry or deceive him especially when it comes to remembering events that may have occurred in the past, especially with respect to other individuals. In the case of a rape and kidnapping, a man in Florida, Alan Crotzer, was wrongfully convicted to a long time in prison, awaiting a decision when he had not committed a crime at all, despite the eyewitnesses stating the facts as him being the criminal (Stutzman, R). According to the

Design the telecommunications network to support a new multi-location Essay

Design the telecommunications network to support a new multi-location practice - Essay Example The use of latest networking tools has transformed the overall world particularly business areas. At the present, organizations have much faster, accurate and enhanced ways for business and corporate management. This paper presents communication network specification for a Dental Office. In this scenario I will recommend a new network technology and data sharing method for better management of the corporate areas. Requirements for the Network I have presented below some of the requirements for new network technology implementation at corporation: Offering better communication services at corporation Establishment of effective data sharing environment Offering secure data access points for communication Establishment of better communication facility Offering remote access to network Offering remote data transfer and access mechanism Implementing new and enhanced data communication framework Offering better data safety and access points Implementing enhanced capability of data handling Developing better data handling mechanism Suitable data backup and recovery mechanism Superior data transfer speed Effective user management Tight security login and access methods Network Information and Data Need Security In this network establishment main sensitive data that we have is about the Dental Clinic clients (patients). This data needs to be secured for superior management and corporate security and privacy. This link of data can include: Patient name Patient address Patient content Patient financial details Patient medial details Patient medical history Patient personal and sensitive information Patient funds transfer information Besides we also have some of the important information regarding doctors and other clinic staff. In this scenario we have a lot of details regarding staff working and financial information that can be extremely sensitive: Staff Person name Staff Person address Staff Person content Staff Person financial details Staff Person job details Staff P erson working history Staff Person personal and sensitive information Staff Person salary and financial transfers details In addition, this new corporate network and database will also keep some sensitive information regarding Dental Clinic itself. I have outline below some of the important aspects that will be kept by network database for the business: Business financial information Business staff details Business tax details Business revenue information Business assistants details Business daily working schedule Network Specification For analyzing the needs and requirements of Dental Clinic business and operational capabilities required by corporation I would suggest a new and effective network arrangement for the business. For this network development, I would suggest the implementation of VPN (virtual private network). In this scenario, a virtual private network (VPN) is a network arrangement that makes use of a public telecommunication arrangement, like that internet, to offer remote offices or individual clients through protected access to their organization's communication network. In addition, the basic goal of a VPN is to offer the business the similar potentials however at a much lower cost

Recreation and Sports Essay Example for Free

Recreation and Sports Essay Fun-Spot Fun Park began as a small amusement park in 1985. Starting with nothing more than a merry-go-round, a slide, pony rides, and an ice cream stand, Fun-Spot has grown into a popular family attraction with 20 rides, a restaurant, and an outdoor performing arts theater. My wife, Lisa, and I didnt know what we were getting into, commented Peter Smith, the owner. We just knew that weekenders coming to the lakes in our village represented a potential un-served market. Today, thousands of visitors come to Fun-Spot: families, children of all ages, and even senior citizens who enjoy walking through the gardens and arbor. Theres something here for everyone, Peter said with a smile. Dozens of companies hold annual company picnics here. We have welcomed class field trips. And we even had one wedding here at the park! Heres the funny thing, Peter chimed in. We really dont know why weve been so successful! There is nothing else like Fun-Spot Fun Park in the area. We were just lucky. I think its the ambience of the park that has brought so many visitors, Lisa added. We provide a total package of entertainment. Plus, we try to change our rides and various attractions from time to time. Peter and Lisa admitted that making every visitor happy is a priority. That has always been our philosophy, they said. Like it says on the entrance to the park, Were here to make you happy! And weve always been able to deliver on that because weve never allowed ourselves to grow too big too quickly. Essay Questions: 1.How should Peter design a strategic plan for Fun-Spot ? 2.Explain how Peter can use the Product-Market Expansion Grid to plan for the expansion/future growth of Fun Spot?

The Breaking Point: Woolf’s Views on Stael Essay -- women writers

No person is capable of perfectly articulating Virginia Woolf’s opinions on certain matters. However, through the observation of her works one might be able to gather her thoughts and form a more accurate description of her ideals. A Room of One’s Own contains Woolf’s ideals dealing with women in the arts, especially those associated with liberal arts. In this piece Woolf always describes a lack of strong women writers for her research but does name a few she deems worthy. It seems odd that Woolf would overlook Germaine de Stael while researching women with literary talent. The reasons for why Stael was disregarded could range from a language barrier at the time, Stael’s ideals on how a woman should behave within society, political propaganda, or Stael’s works might have simply gone unnoticed at the time. If Woolf had read Stael’s, On Women Writers, surely she would have mentioned it somewhere in her novel. Why would it be required tha t Woolf write about Stael? To simply answer this question, Stael was an intelligent woman in her time and many of Woolf’s main arguments coincide with Stael’s. Gender Inequality is one of these major themes where Stael shares similar views. They would both agree that this inequality feeds the other motifs described in their own works, such as: the individuality of truth, the importance of monetary means, or the hatred and ridicule that society directs at women writers. Woolf might not have agreed with all of Stael’s beliefs, but she would find Stael’s views on gender inequality and the causes of these inequalities to contain the essential oil of truth she was desperately searching for. Gender Inequality was what Woolf emphasized as the major downfall of women writers and Stael shared thos... ... Both Woolf and Stael were extraordinary authors of their times, especially when one considers the hardships they faced. Woolf would indeed find much of her arguments written within Stael’s work. In her reading she would be pleased to find agreement with many of the arguments brought up by Stael, but of course she would not agree to them all. The pity Stael says women should be shown would not consist in Woolf’s vocabulary. She would insist that women be treated as equals instead of looked down upon and pitied. â€Æ' Works Cited Stael, Germaine de. On Literature Considered in Its relationship to Social Institutions: â€Å"On Women Writers.† Trans. Vivian Folkenflit. Eds. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007: 55-60. Print. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. Ed. Mark Hussey. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2005. Print.

Two Ways of Seeing a River (1883)

This passage is excerpted from Mark Twain’s 1883 book Life on the Mississippi, in which he shares his experiences as a river steamboat pilot and explores the many facets of the great river. As you read, consider his masterful use of language as he reflects on his changing relationship with the river. Now when I had mastered the language of this water and had come to know every trifling feature that bordered the great river as familiarly as I knew the letters of the alphabet, I had made a valuable acquisition. But I had lost something, too. I had lost something which could never be restored to me while I lived. All the grace, the beauty, the poetry, had gone out of the majestic river! I still kept in mind a certain wonderful sunset which I witnessed when steamboating was new to me. A broad expanse of the river was turned to blood; in the middle distance the red hue brightened into gold, through which a solitary log came floating, black and conspicuous; in one place a long, slanting mark lay sparkling upon the water; in another the surface was broken by boiling, tumbling rings that were as many-tinted as an opal; where the ruddy flush was faintest was a smooth spot that was covered with graceful circles and radiating lines, ever so delicately traced; the shore on our left was densely wooded, and the somber shadow that fell from this forest was broken in one place by a long, ruffled trail that shone like silver; and high above the forest wall a clean-stemmed dead tree waved a single leafy bough that glowed like a flame in the unobstructed splendor that was flowing from the sun. There were graceful curves, reflected images, woody heights, soft distances, and over the whole scene, far and near, the dissolving lights drifted steadily, enriching it every passing moment with new marvels of coloring. I stood like one bewitched. I drank it in, in a speechless rapture. The world was new to me and I had never seen anything like this at home. But as I have said, a day came when I began to cease from noting the glories and the charms which the moon and the sun and the twilight wrought upon the river’s face; another day came when I ceased altogether to note them. Then, if that sunset scene had been repeated, I should have looked upon it without rapture and should have commented upon it inwardly after this fashion: â€Å"This sun means that we re going to have wind tomorrow; that floating log means that the river is rising, small thanks to it; that slanting mark on the water refers to a bluff reef which is going to kill somebody’s steamboat one of these nights, if it keeps on stretching out like that; those tumbling ‘boils’ show a dissolving bar and a changing channel there; the lines and circles in the slick water over yonder are a warning that that troublesome place is shoaling up dangerously; that silver streak in the shadow of the forest is the ‘break’ from a new snag and he has located himself in the very best place he could have found to fish for steamboats; that tall dead tree, with a single living. Two Ways of Seeing a River ranch, is not going to last long, and then how is a body ever going to get through this blind place at night without the friendly old landmark? † No, the romance and beauty were all gone from the river. All the value any feature of it had for me now was the amount of usefulness it could furnish toward compassing the safe piloting of a steamboat. Since those days, I have pitied doctors from my heart. What does the lovely flush in a beauty’s cheek mean to a doctor but a â€Å"break† that ripples above some deadly disease? Are not all her visible charms sown thick with what are to him the signs and symbols of hidden decay? Does he ever see her beauty at all, or doesn’t he simply view her professionally and comment upon her unwholesome condition all to himself? And doesn’t he sometimes wonder whether he has gained most or lost most by learning his trade? 1. What is Twain’s argument here? What is his claim? What are his reasons? How does he construct his essay to help the reader be persuaded by his claim? How does he draw connections between the ideas in the first two paragraphs and those in the third? 2. What is the purpose of Twain’s argument? To explore? Inform? Convince? Meditate or pray? Something else? 3. Twain is known for his beautiful, rich use of language. Find the phrases or images that are the most powerful to you. What tools of stylish language are he using? How do they help make his argument persuasive?

I Just Wanted to Know About the Present Trends in Housekeeping Department

PRESENT TRENDS IN HOUSKEEPING DEPARTMENT Accommodation Management Staffing The housekeeping department of a hotel is responsible for ‘cleanliness, maintenance, aesthetic upkeep of rooms, public areas, back areas and surroundings. ’ The department is not always given the respect it is due in terms of work load, the size of which can be estimated by the fact the department often employs the largest workforce.There are a variety of areas the housekeeping department must manage, the following table taken from Hotel Housekeeping Operations and Management depicts the housekeeping department’s span of control: Front of House Areas Back of House Areas †¢ Guestrooms †¢ Corridors †¢ Lobbies and public restrooms †¢ Pool and patio areas †¢ Meeting rooms †¢ Dining rooms/restaurants †¢ Banquet halls †¢ Convention Halls †¢ Hotel-operated shops †¢ Games rooms / recreation rooms †¢ Exercise rooms / gymnasium †¢ Building e xterior †¢ Landscaping and gardens †¢ Management offices Storage areas †¢ Linen and sewing rooms †¢ Laundry room †¢ Employee locker rooms †¢ Administrative offices †¢ Cloak rooms †¢ Maid’s service room The diversity of areas controlled by the housekeeping department requires structured planning when delegating tasks to be undertaken. Developing an organizational structure is a process which deals with ‘identifying and grouping work’ and aims to ensure the department works as a unit, with clear lines of authority and good lines of communication and is essential for the smooth running of the department.A Schematic representation, known as an organizational chart, assists in defining roles and relationships within an organization, the following organizational chart has been created for a four star hotel with one hundred bedrooms. ‘Structure is the best way to channel employees’ efforts towards productive efforts ( O’Fallon et al, 2010). It is important to continually review an organizations structure to ensure the structure is aiding the attainment of the organizations goals and proving to be†¦

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile Raffle Drawing!

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile Raffle Drawing! How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile Raffle Drawing! Did you know that last week (February 9-15, 2015) was International Random Acts of Kindness Week? Neither did I, until a woman named Ann Terry Gilman from Germany purchased my LinkedIn e-book- 3 times! I wrote to Terry to find out whether she intended to purchase the book in triplicate, and she responded that no she did not, but would I please give away the two extra books to an organization in need- in honor of RAK week! Terry took the message of RAK to heart and I am happy to announce that The Essay Expert will be holding a drawing on March 1 for an organization to receive a free lifetime subscription to the PDF version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. If you know a job club or an educational institution that would benefit from the information in the 11th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, please send the following information to teesupport@theessayexpert.com: Name of contact person Name of organization/institution Description of the mission of the organization/institution Email address the book (and lifetime updates!) will go to We will hold a drawing for 2 winners on March 1, 2015 and the winners will be announced through my e-list! Random Acts of Kindness Life Of course now that I know last week was RAK week, I’m thinking about whether I do enough RAKs in my life. Last week, one day I brought a smoothie to a friend who is a nurse and would miss dinner that day due to working long hours. I tried a new salmon recipe. I drove to Chicago to see people in my class person instead of attending, as I usually do, on the phone. I made 50 phone calls for people to assist on the Transform Training while the other people in my group were making 15-20 calls each. I brought my teddy bear to yoga class and talked to people I would not normally have talked to. I did all these things without knowing it was RAK week! Did you perform random acts of kindness last week too? Here are some ideas: Feel free to take these ideas and run with them on any day or week of the year! When recently have you put a smile on someone’s face or contributed to a good cause? Please share about it below! And if you know of an organization who would benefit from a lifetime subscription to How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, remember to send their name, organization name, organization mission, and e-mail address to teesupport@theessayexpert.com! Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 23, 2015 1 Comment David Walker says: February 24, 2015 at 10:48 pm Dear Brenda, Contact: Melinda Organisation: Counselling @ Macquarie University Mission: The Student Counselling Team at Macquarie University has a focus on helping students go into/return to the work-place and the Team (Melinda) made it clear that LinkedIn has to be an essential and effective part of my job-seeking strategy. eMail: Counselling@mq.edu.au I purchased your eBook (.pdf) yesterday following an extensive research exercise based upon Melindas advice and I am working my way through your great guidance to update my LinkedIn profile prior to sending out job applications (Ive temporarily turned off access until I make significant (it is a re-write job) changes to that profile. Thank you for some great advice. Ive now established profile access as: linkedin.com/in/davidjwalker01 and a separate complementary job-seeking email address: davidjwalker01@bigpond.com Thanks and great advising David Walker david.walker1@students.mq.edu.au Log in to Reply

Top Ten Words Confused Words [Q-R]

Top Ten Words Confused Words [Q-R] Top Ten Words Confused Words [Q-R] Top Ten Words Confused Words [Q-R] By Maeve Maddox My cumulative list of â€Å"words commonly confused† continues with ten that begin with the letters Q and R. The confusion relates to spelling or meaning. 1. quote / quotation Traditionally, quote is a verb and quotation is a noun: May I quote you on that? (verb) I used a quotation from Dr. Johnson as an epigraph. (noun) The Chicago Manual of Style includes a note on these words in the â€Å"Good usage versus common usage section,† apparently preferring to preserve the distinction in formal writing. The CMS note also suggests that a difference may exist in the minds of some writers between quote as a noun and quotation as a noun: quotes: contemporary remarks usable in their writing. quotations: wisdom of the ages expressed pithily. 2. quiet / quite This is a spelling problem for speakers who aren’t in the habit of looking closely at words. Quiet functions as noun, adjective, and verb: In the old days, librarians insisted on absolute quiet from the patrons. (noun) Parents often worry when their children are excessively quiet. (adjective) Susan is known as the quiet sister. (adjective) Please do something to quiet that barking dog. (verb) The most common use of quite is as a synonym for the adverb very: They say that Bill Gates is quite rich. (adverb) 3. reign / rein The noun reign refers to the period of rule of a monarch. The verb reign means to exercise sovereign power or authority. The noun rein refers to a strap, usually of leather, that is used to control a horse. The verb rein means to control a horse. Figuratively, rein means to put a restraint on something. For example, â€Å"to rein† or â€Å"rein in† one’s impulses. The most common confusion between these words is with the idiom â€Å"free rein.† The figurative expression derives from horseback riding. To give a horse â€Å"free rein† is to hold the reins loosely and allow the horse a certain amount of free movement. 4. raise / raze The verb raise has many meanings, but the meaning in contrast to raze is â€Å"build up† or â€Å"construct.† The pioneer raised a rudimentary cabin to house his family.† The verb raze means â€Å"tear down† or â€Å"destroy.† â€Å"The historic opera house was razed to make room for a parking deck.† 5. real / really Common in colloquial speech, real is often substituted for the intensifying adverb really. The adjective real means â€Å"actually existing, not imaginary.† This is a real denarius from Roman times. Used as an intensifier, really means very, or thoroughly. Casablanca is a really memorable movie. 6. rebate / refund A rebate is a discount collectible after a purchase. I paid $50 for the headphones, but the rebate was $10, so the final cost was $40. A refund is the full amount of a purchase returned to a customer. The spaghetti-maker didn’t work, so I asked for a refund. 7. regardless / irregardless The adverb regardless means â€Å"without regard to.† Charles intends to buy a herd of llamas, regardless of my objections. The soldier tackled the bomber, regardless of his own safety. Nonstandard irregardless is used by some speakers as either a deliberately humorous portmanteau word or a confused collision of regardless and irrespective. Here’s a serious use of the word from a community non-profit agency in New Jersey: Schools walk a delicate balance. Some schools that have tried to discipline a student for cyberbullying actions that took place off-campus and outside of school hours have been sued for exceeding their authority and violating the student’s free speech right. Irregardless, parents should inform the school if they become aware of any cyberbullying issue. 8. restive / restful Both words are adjectives. Restive means unsettled, restless. Ex. â€Å"Speaking softly, Nancy calmed the restive horse.† Restful means â€Å"full of rest.† Anything that bestows a feeling of calm and invites relaxation is restful. â€Å"Beethoven’s ‘Moonlight Sonata’ is a restful piece.† 9. retch / wretch The verb retch may be defined as â€Å"vomiting or trying to.† â€Å"She retched driblets of green bile.† â€Å"The smell of the Dumpster caused him to retch.† Wretch is a noun. It can mean â€Å"a pitiable person† or â€Å"a vile person.† â€Å"The poor wretch has lost all in the fire.† â€Å"Anyone who would deliberately profit from another’s illness is a miserable, rotten wretch.† 10. rise / raise Used as verbs, rise and raise are often misused. Rise is intransitive. Ex. Here comes the Judge; all rise! The candidate says those things in the hope that his poll numbers will rise. Raise is transitive. It takes an object. Ex. Let us raise a toast to departed friends. Does anyone wish to raise a question? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Best Websites to Learn English20 Ways to Cry

DEVELOP A MARKETING PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

DEVELOP A MARKETING PLAN - Essay Example However, the entrance of smaller companies that offer the same diversity in design and high class quality is forcing to reinvent itself. This paper will explore the marketing opportunities it can tap in order to reinvent its image to a flexible label that is essential to every fashion genre. Situation Analysis Internal Environment One word. That’s all it takes for a person to know someone inside and out, its history, its sensibilities, its personality, and its relationships. That word is the brand name. Coca-Cola. iPod. Nike. Google. Their identities are so strong and so embedded to the minds of the consumers that no single study, perhaps not even a compound of a thousand, can comprehensively explain how each company built it. Cotton On, despite being a young label, has experienced a certain amount of success in positioning themselves in the market and securing a loyal consumer base who identifies them with the same laidback, simple, and organic image of the country where it o riginated from, Australia. It is, despite possible apprehension of the fashion elite a brand that exudes style. It started in 1991 in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Twenty years is considered young in the fashion retail business. Yet, it has expanded to more than 600, employing more than 4,500 people in the same countries where it distributes - Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and the US. Its success may be credited to the same formula that casual brands like Roxy and Target has (Grail, 2009). It has managed to become an accessible brand but its lines were never tacky or common. By not emphasizing its affordability and flaunting its quality in both engineering and aesthetics have allowed it to develop a stylish image that cuts across all segments age, gender, and social class. External Environment The cards the Australian fashion industry has are not good ones. It seems easier to fold than to call it. The geography itself is a disadvantage of epic proportion. It is more than 20 hours away by plane from all of the major fashion capitals such as Paris, London, and New York. The time difference also means contradicting weather. When it’s summer in Australia, it is winter in Paris. To any fashion expert, that’s a recipe for disaster. The international economic crisis also damaged the value of the Australian, from 53 to 106 Australian cents to the US dollar. Any fashions sales expert will tell you, that’s setting yourself up for suicide and mutilation because it makes any exported product from Australia expensive (Gay, 2010). Juxtapose this with the continuous birth and growth of many other labels from or manufactured in Asian countries where labour and raw materials are affordable and you have a losing formula. The disadvantages don’t end there. The local market is small. There are only 23 million people in a country that highly penetrated by international brand whose volume of production allow them to sell products at a much lower price. The only way for any brand to grow is to go out of the Australia. The complexities continue. Unlike other secondary fashion markets like Brazil, India and China which is difficult because

Management qualities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management qualities - Essay Example t talents in sports, Billy Beane did not continue his career as a baseball player himself, instead, he became a general manager of the Oakland Athletics, with which he has changed the way sports looked like during the long period of time. The unique leader’s qualities have enabled him to enjoy the success in baseball among the teams of that large market. As stated (Beane, 2014), one of the critical predispositions to be great leader is to hire smarter people, who are more capable in understanding what particular sport is. Even hiring those who don’t play is a considerable asset to a business. Another successful characteristic of Beane is the ability to bring good team, which may be not noticed by others, but succeeded to reach high results during numerous games. Despite the inability of certain players to be great team-mates, they are ultimately the best at achieving Beane’s goals. Another important quality of Beane is to ability to continue in positive direction s even after setbacks and experience the opportunity to lead people and perform under the same pressure as others. Beane is good in understanding what the credit is, while most traditional stats believe in outcome credit, he considers the process should be given a credit. What most accounts for Beane’s success in being a manager it is that he provides a strong sense of his team and keeps ahead of the competition by applying the model of many mathematical variables and understanding that it is possible to win only through experience of losses. However, taking a positive and optimistic approach enables one to take the full advantage of an opportunity and fulfill the

Human resource management & technical change Essay

Human resource management & technical change - Essay Example Megginson, L.C. (1981:6) defines personnel management as the "performance of all managerial functions involved in planning for, recruiting, selecting, developing, utilizing, rewarding, and maximizing the potential of the human resources of an organization". The implication here is that all managers, at all levels, have a duty to perform the personnel function. According to De Cenzo & Robbins (2002:2), inception can also be called "staffing" in that it is a way of getting individuals into the organization. This dimension entails strategic human resource planning, recruitment and selection. Hellriegel et al (1993:246) defines as the process of deciding on and analyzing the organization's mission, overall objectives, general strategies, and major resource allocationsThe overall purpose of strategic planning and management is to deal effectively with environmental opportunities and threats in terms of the organization's strengths and weaknesses". The major elements in strategic planning are mission, objectives, strategies and resource allocation. De Cenzo et al (2002:150) defines recruiting as "the process of discovering potential candidates for actual or anticipated organizational vacancies. Or from another perspective, it is a linking activity- bringing together those with jobs to fill and those seeking jobs. In other words, recruitment is the process of looking for persons who possibly may be suitable to fill the vacancies. It does not mean that an interested person has already been appointed in the vacancy, it only tries to find a number of suitable persons from which the final selection can be made. Hellriegel (1993:390) advises that "the organization should develop a pool of job candidates from which to select qualified employees. Candidates are recruited by, for example, running adverts, contacting employment agencies, and visiting college campuses". One thing that should be noted is the importance of trade unions because lower-level workers are recruited by trade unions. They have contact with all their members in the different enterprises and can bring vacancies in all the different enterprises to their members' attention. Selection according to Hellriegel et al (1993:390), "takes place after recruiting candidates for available positions. The organization selects and hires those people who are most likely to perform well on the job. These decisions can be difficult'. It is worth

Poverty And Health Inequalities Health And Social Care Essay

Poverty And Health Inequalities Health And Social Care Essay Sociologists define social class as the grouping of people by occupations. The different positions represent different levels of power, influence and money1, 2. In the UK society was divided into 5 main groups of classes however the Office of National Statistics (ONS) produced a new socio-economic classification in 2001 (Table 1)3, 4. Social Class Up to 2001 From 2002 I 1-4 High Low II IIIN IIIM 5-8 IV V Table 1- Classification of Social class4 The Black Report and the Acheson Report In August 1980 the Department of Health (DOH) published the Black Report, also known as the Working Group on Inequalities in Health. The Report showed the extent to which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain, and suggested that these inequalities have been widening rather than decreasing since the formation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 19485. The Report concluded that these inequalities were not caused due to failings in the NHS, but because of many other social inequalities influencing health: income, education, housing, diet, employment, and conditions of work. In consequence, the Report recommended a wide strategy of social policy measures to reduce inequalities in health; however these recommendations were ignored not implemented 6. In 1998 The Acheson Report, also known as the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report was published, this was 18 years after the Black Report, both reports showed similarities in thei r finding. The Acheson report showed a widening gap between different social groups (Figure 1)7. Figure 1-Number of deaths per 1000 by all causes for men aged 20-64 between 1991-19937 The report also noted that, while social determinants (Figure 2) affect peoples health across their lives, the early years are a particularly important stage of life, where poor socio economic circumstances have lasting effects. The Report recommended policies and interventions to reduce inequalities in access to the determinants of good health among parents, particularly mothers and children8, 9. The Main Determinants of Health Figure 2- The Main Determinants of Health10 The Situation in the UK- Income and Poverty The main point that both the Black and Acheson report identified was the association between poverty, social class and health inequalities. This applied to all aspects of health including life expectancy, infant mortality and general level of health8. Poverty isolates people, reducing their ability to engage in social and community life. In a study comparing the poorest and richest fifth of households, poorer children had fewer opportunities for activities and socialising. Poverty is measured by looking at the low-income threshold. This is 60% of the median UK income 4, 11. In 2007/08, 13 ½ million people in the UK (Table 2) were living in households below the low-income threshold, an increase of 1  ½ million compared with the 2004/05 figures. This is around a fifth (22%) of the population. The number of people on low incomes is lower than it was during the early 1990s but is much greater than in the early 1980s11, 12. Country Number of people England 11,500,000 Scotland 900,000 Wales 70,000 Northern Ireland 40,000 Total 13,500,000 Table 2- Distribution of people living below the poverty line in the UK, 13.5 million of the total population of approx 61 million13 Health of the UK Population- Link between Poverty and Health The health of people in the more wealthy areas of the UK is better than those living in the deprived areas. Those people living in poorer communities die younger and experience poorer physical and mental health throughout their life than those living in wealthier communities12, 13. There is a link between life expectancy at birth and social class in the UK. Those from social class I and II have a higher life expectancy at birth than those from social class IV and V .Professional men are expected to live to around 80 years and unskilled manual men to 72.7 years and for women, the figures are 85.1 and 78.1 years (Figure 3)14 Figure 3- Life expectancy of men and women at birth by social class UK, 1992-200515 This can be linked to death by major diseases in the UK, those from social class IV and V have a higher death rate compared to those form social class I and II (Figure 4).14, 15. Figure 4- Major causes of death 2003: Death rate for men aged 25-64 are 50-100% higher among those from manual backgrounds compared to those form non-manual backgrounds4, 12, 13. Infant Mortality in the UK The general association between poverty and health can be seen by looking at different diseases and mortality rates in the UK however one area which shows this association very clearly is child health. This is measured by looking at the rate of infant mortality. Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants per 1000 live births16. There were 9,954 infant deaths overall in the period 2006-08, giving an overall infant mortality rate of 4.8 deaths per 1,000 live births (Table 3). Of those with a valid socio-economic group (8,709), the rate was 4.7 deaths per 1,000. Out of the 8,709 deaths in this category, 43% of these deaths (3,744) were in the Routine and Manual (RM) Social group, giving a rate of 5.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in this group 17, 18. Year Number of Deaths Infant Mortality Rate 2006 3321 5.9 2007 3264 4.7 2008 3369 4.8 Total 9954 Table 3- Infant deaths and mortality: babies born in 2006-200819 Poverty and Infant Mortality Infant death rates among both those from manual backgrounds (social class 1-4) and those from non-manual backgrounds, (social class 5-8) have fallen by around a fifth over the last decade but the gap between them has not reduced.   Infant deaths are still 50% more common among poor children in lower social groups (manual backgrounds) than among those from non-manual backgrounds.   In the lower social groups infant mortality is 20% higher than the average 4.8 per 1,000 (Figure 5)20, 21, 22.http://www.poverty.org.uk/21/a.png Figure 5- Annual number of deaths per 1000 live births between 1997-2007, it also shows the social class of the infants4, 15. When looking at different regions of the UK; it is clear that there is a significant difference in infant death rates. The rate of infant deaths in the West Midlands is one-and-a-half times more than that in the South East (Figure 6)23, 24, 25.http://www.poverty.org.uk/21/b.png Figure 6- Graph showing how the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births varies by region (West midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber, North West, Northern Ireland, East Midlands, North East, London, Scotland, Wales, South West, East, South East) 4,24. Infant death by region also has an association with poverty. The region with the highest proportion of households below the average income is the North East and West Midlands and it is the West midlands which has the highest infant death rate. The regions with the lowest portion of households below the average income, is the East and South East and it is the South East with the lowest number of infant deaths (Figure 7) 26, 27, 28. Figure 7- Graph showing low-income households by region (North East, West midlands, Wales, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, Scotland, South West, Northern Ireland, East, South East)4, 15, 27 There are many conditions that cause infant death. The leading causes of infant death include congenital abnormalities, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), problems related to complications of pregnancy, and infant respiratory distress syndrome (Table 4)19, 29. Cause of Death Number of Deaths Congenital anomalies 920 Antepartum infections 59 Immaturity related conditions 1550 Asphyxia, anoxia or trauma (intrapartum) 205 External conditions 47 Infant respiratory distress syndrome 122 Other specific conditions 26 Sudden infant deaths 158 Other conditions 282 All causes 3369 Table 4- Infant deaths by cause of death: babies born in 200811, 15, 19 Other Risk Factors Increasing Infant Mortality There are other risk factors which increase the rate of infant deaths. These factors are associated with income and poverty. The main three factors are low birth weight, smoking during pregnancy and ethnicity27. Low birth weight Babies birth weights are key indicators of the outcome of pregnancy, even though there can be considerable differences between the health and well-being of babies born at the same stage of pregnancy. Babies born with a low birth weight are at greatest risk of having immediate and long-term health problems. The smallest babies are the most likely to die in the first weeks and months of life. Babies born to parents from manual backgrounds (Social class 5-8) tend to be more likely to have low birth weight than those born to parents form non-manual social backgrounds (Social class 1-4) these differences continue throughout the decade (Figure 8)31. Figure 8- Graph shows the proportion of babies born each year who are classed as having low birth weight (less than 2.5 kilograms, 5  ½ lbs), between 1996-2006. It also shows the social class of the infants4. Smoking during pregnancy Smoking in pregnancy causes devastating outcomes; these are increased risk of miscarriage, still birth and death. If parents continue to smoke after pregnancy, there is an increased rate of sudden infant death syndrome32. In the UK in 2006, 33% of mothers from social class 5-8 (manual) smoked throughout pregnancy compared with only 22% of mothers from social class 1-4 (non manual) (Figure 9) 33. Figure 9- Smoking prevelance overall and by social class. England 1998-2006 34 Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy is associated with still birth, death and increase risk of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. One study found that in households where both parents smoke, young children have a 72 per cent increased risk of respiratory illnesses35. In 2006, 21% of non smoking pregnant women were exposed to the smoke of someone else usually a partner, throughout their pregnancy. Also 40% of mothers aged under 20 smoked throughout pregnancy compared with 13% of mothers aged 35 and over 33, 34. Ethnicity There are large differences in the infant mortality rates of ethnic groups in the UK, for babies born in 2005. Asian and Black ethnic groups accounted for over 11% of live births and 17% of infant deaths. Babies in the Pakistani and Caribbean groups had particularly high infant mortality rates, 9.6 and 9.8 deaths per 1,000 live births this was double the rate in the White British group of 4.5 deaths per 1,000 live births (Table 5)36 Ethnic Group Number of deaths Infant mortality rate Bangladeshi (Asian/Asian British) 34 4.2 Indian (Asian/Asian British) 93 5.8 Pakistani (Asian/Asian British) 231 9.6 African (Black/Black British) 118 6.0 Caribbean (Black/Black British) 73 9.8 White British 1859 4.5 White other 142 4.3 All other ethnic groups 271 5.4 Not stated 357 5.1 Total Number of deaths 3,200 Table 5- Infant deaths and infant mortality rates by ethnic group of babies born in 2005 11, 27, 30, Mortality in the Pakistani group was high throughout the first year of life whilst mortality in the Caribbean group was especially high in the first month of life. Half of all infant deaths in the Pakistani group were due to congenital anomalies, compared with only a quarter of deaths in the White British group. There is a general trend between income of ethnic groups and infant mortality rates. Those groups that have a high infant mortality rate such as the Pakistani and African groups tend to live in low income households compared to white groups (Figure 10)25,30,. http://www.poverty.org.uk/06/b.png Figure 10-Graph showing how the proportion of people living in low-income households varies by different ethnic groups4, 15, 30, Conclusion- Policies in place to address the issues It can be seen that health inequalities are present in the UK and therefore the Government has put in place many programmes and policies to tackle this problem. Tackling Health Inequalities-A Programme for Action The Tacking Health Inequalities: A Programme for Action was launched in July 2003 by the Secretary of State for Health, its aim is to meet the governments targets to reduce the health gap on infant mortality and life expectancy by 2010. The Programme has a clear strategy to work on the following four delivery themes: Supporting families, mothers and children Engaging Communities and Individuals Preventing Illness and providing effective treatment and care Addressing the underlying determinants of health37 National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (Childrens National Service Framework) is a 10 year programme aiming to improve childrens health, social care and promote high quality health care for women and their families. The standards set by this framework require services to: Promote healthy lifestyles. Tackle health inequalities Ensure that pregnant women receive high quality care throughout their pregnancy38 Infant Mortality National Support Team The Infant Mortality National Support Team (IMNST) was launched in autumn 2008. It supports the 43 areas with the highest infant mortality rate in the routine and manual group. The IMNST has 4 main aims (Figure.11)39. Figure 11- The aims of The Infant Mortality National Support Team39. Tackling health inequalities is a top priority for the Government and the main focus is on narrowing the health gap between disadvantaged groups, communities and the rest of the country and on improving health overall. The policies, programmes and strategies in place are helping to reduce the health gap however there is a long way to go before there is significant change in health inequalities. This can be seen by looking at one of the Health Inequalities Public Service Agreement (PSA) targets (Box 1) and the progression of this target40. PSA Target on Infant Mortality By 2010 to reduce by at least 10% the gap in mortality between routine and manual groups and the population as a whole. Box 1- PSA target on reducing mortality in the UK by 10% by 201040. There is a decrease of infant mortality amongst the routine and manual groups however to narrow the gap by at least 10% by 2010 is still a challenge (Table 6)41. Year Percentage Gap 2004-2006 17% 2003-2005 18% 2002-2004 19% Table 6- Percentage gap in mortality between routine and manual groups and the population as a whole41. This shows that the Government needs to do more to reduce health inequalities by concentrating on wider social determinants of health. WORD COUNT-1650

Emotions And Decision Making Essay -- essays research papers

A recently published article seems to lend new information as to the way in which emotions influence our decision-making process. While emotions and reasoning are considered inherently separate by some, new experiments are challenging that perception. A series of studies done by experimental psychologists now show us that emotion plays a very natural role in decision-making situations. The experiments, ranging in type from neuroimaging to simple classical conditioning, suggest that emotions can affect everything from simple judgments of other people to severe behavioral disabilities seen for example in sociopathic individuals. Emotion is now acknowledged as possibly the most basic of human operations and the basis for personal judgments. Fear especially has been studied extensively and is proving to be a very unconscious and automatic cognitive reaction. One fear-related study was conducted using simple classical conditioning: subjects were shown a picture of a person exhibiting stereotypical properties along with a frown used to convey a feeling of social threat (Mineka, 2002). Once the subjects were adequately conditioned, simply seeing that type of person would cause an increase in heart rate, suggesting fear, as well as provoke responses attributed to anger. The experimenters used these findings to infer that social fears are easily instilled in people simply because they for some reason have a negative image of them implanted in their head. Extensive studies of the rela...

D.H Lawrence’s “Tickets Please” Essay

In tickets there are two main characters, these are John Thomas and Annie. Annie works on the trams and girls are only chosen to work on the trams of they have a confidant nature and a certain no-nonsense approach to men. And this affects her relationship with John Thomas. There are many ways how Lawrence shows how Annie and John Thomas are attracted to each other. The first example of this is on page eighty three paragraph two. † She could tell by the movement of his mouth and eyes, when he flirted with her in the morning in the morning, that he had been walking out with this lass, or the other, the night before. A fine cock-of-the-walk he was. She could some him up pretty well.† The part where she says she could tell by the movement of his eyes and his lips show that she must have some interest in him because she must have studied his movements; this shows at the very least she is interested in him. Another example that shows that they are attracted to each other is the fact that Annie says that she keeps John Thomas at an arm length away from her but John Thomas keeps coming back to try and win her over. Just to show that John Thomas is attracted to her he goes out with another girl after she turns him down as if just to spite her. This also shows more than a passing interest in Annie. On page eighty three we see how Annie and John Thomas react to each other. In paragraph three Lawrence shows and tells us how they react to each other † In this subtle antagonism they knew each other like old friends, they were as shrewd with one another almost as man and wife.† This tells us that when they flirt with each other they are like old friends, it is almost like a routine they both know of-by-heart but carry it on none the less. An example of how John Thomas reacts to Annie is on page eighty four where Annie meets John Thomas at the fair. The example is on the fourth paragraph. â€Å"John Thomas made her stay on for the next round. And therefore she could hardly for shame repulse him when he out his arm around her and drew her a  little nearer to him, in a very warm and cuddly manner. Besides he was fairly discreet, he kept his movements as hidden as possible.† This shows us that John Thomas is reacting to Annie less in the capacity as her friend but more as her boyfriend. We can also tell how Annie reacts to John Thomas in the extract above. In the quote above Annie tells us that John Thomas puts her arm around her and she says he did it in a very cuddly manner and that he was fairly discreet. It is almost as if Annie is trying to convince herself that there is nothing wrong with what she is doing and feeling. Annie is rapidly forgetting that she has a boyfriend and is becoming ensnared in John Thomas’s ploy. In the end Annie decides to get her own back on John Thomas for rejecting her and she goes round her work place subtle suggesting to the other girls that he had dumped that it would be a good idea to get their revenge on him. In the end I think John Thomas â€Å"wins† because he is completely humiliated by been beaten up by the girls and yet when he is forced to choose which one of the girls he is going to stay with he chooses Annie. Annie seems horrified by this because the very thought revolts her due to what he is. In John Thomas’s humiliation it is almost as if the humiliation that has been inflicted upon him has been traversed to Annie as she begins to realise the full consequences of hat she has done. She has cheated on her boyfriend and she herself also feels humiliated by inflicting pain and taking her revenge too far.

Juvenile Gang

Apply the functionalist point of view to the phenomenon of female juvenile gangs in Hong Kong and evaluate its explanation. The recent female juvenile gang problem has sparked off public concerns in Hong Kong, because they are more rampant in the newly-developed towns such as Tseung Kwan O, Tin Shui Wai and Tai Po. Comparing with the figures of girls joining gangs by Dr. T. W. Lo in 2001 and by the Federation in 2005, the trend of girls’s participation in gangs is increasing. In the following, the phenomenon of female juvenile gangs in Hong Kong will be discussed in detail by the functionalist point of view.Then, the explanation will be evaluated. Before discussing the phenomenon of female juvenile gangs in Hong Kong by the functionalist point of view. Let start with the definition of structural functionalism and definition of female juvenile gangs. Society is a system with various social institutions performing important functions to the society and to individuals. The struct ural functionalism is based on the assumption that society is a stable, the function of each part of the community should be able to co-ordination to make a harmonious and efficient society.Female juvenile gangs is defined as girls who are below the age of 21 and have been members of gangs. Gangs consist of three features. First, gangs are stable groups with regular gatherings. Second, gangs involve deviant behavior such as fighting. Third, gangs affiliate with triad societies. By the functionalist point of view, the social structure and condition have a great effect on female juvenile gangs forming. Girls who were joined juvenile gangs are unable to play their role in different class of society because of social inequality, so they can not achieve the goal and they are tempted to have deviant behavior.At the family level, family put many pressure on the girls, they felt out of place with their family due to poor relationships with parents and bad growing experience. Under such circ umstances, they tend to escape from the real family and seek for other big family which can offer them emotional attachment. At their schools and working level, they can not get the sense of accomplishment in schools or from working. They are forced to attend classes or not satisfied in salary. At the peer level, due to the peer pressure and they meet friends with gang backgrounds, they have more chance to connect with gang members.At the personal level, girls start to demand for autonomy and to be independent form 2 is the most vulnerable period for girls. Due to the puberty, they are easier to have emotional problems. Comparing with the boys, girls want to get protection and free entertainment from gangs rather than showing off. Those factors show that girls who were joined gangs can not take their responsibility in different level of society. They joined gangs in order to find their role in the other family and recognition from other members.Besides, there are three type of femal e juvenile gangs, including autonomous group, satellite group and mixed group. Autonomous group is a all-female group. Members in this group are very independent and autonomous. They are not controlled by the male gangs. Also, these groups have the same features as male gangs in the way they behave and solve problems. Members in satellite group and mixed group are more likely to rely on the male members or gang, they can get more protection or other support such as financial support or provide free entertainment, most girls have the role being ‘wife’or‘little sister’of male members.Female members play an auxiliary role in gangs. They almost carry weapon for male members and provide sexual services to male members. The activities in gang of boy and girl are quite different. For instance, boy involves more in criminal and violent acts than girl. But drug offences are more common in girls as girls are easier to evade the inspection. Boys are less likely to hav e free entertainment and are less emotional and gossip than girls in gangs. Sometimes, female members are needed to help male members to beat the girls from the other gang.It is understandable that male members and female members have different function in gang In order to maintain the female juvenile gangs, there are female leader and fighting girls in gangs. It shows that female members are taking on more specific roles within the group. For female leader, she should have a wide network of contacts in order to get more protection and free entertainment. On the other hand, she should be able to fight to protect her followers and appear to be mature. For fighting girls, those girls are look like a boy and they like fighting.They will keep doing exercise in order to be stronger. It is a way to protect themselves and they can able to stay or exist in gangs. All the female members must know how to protect their reputation. Otherwise, the members of the gang will not respect them and th ey will be rejected or despised. In the female juvenile gangs, each member has their role in gang, such as leader need to be presentable and eloquent. In different role, they have different function and this is how they maintain the system of gang.By the functionalist point of view, the reason of formation of the female juvenile gangs can be explained. The female juvenile gangs also work as a society. Every member has her role and function, they contribute themselves in gang. Female members in autonomous group, satellite group and mixed group have different features and functions. On one hand, male members provide free entertainment and protection to female members. On the other hand, female members help male members to carry the drugs and weapon. There are mutual beneficial relationship between male and female members or gangs.However, structural functionalism can not explain how the girls join the gang as there are many other factors. In addition, it can not explain how are the fe male members formed their identities. By the structural functionalism, we can explain the function of the leader (Big sister) and fighting girls and the relationship between leader and her followers. But, we can not explain how they can be a leader or fighting girls, the process of being the female leader consist of many factors. Structural functionalism can not explain the phenomenon of female juvenile completely. References 1.Chu, Yiu Kong (2005) â€Å"An Analysis of Youth Gangs in Tin Shui Wai in Hong Kong† in Hong Kong Journal of Social Sciences No. 29 Spring/Summer 2005. 2. Clinard, Marshall B. (1995) â€Å"Robert Merton: Anomie and Social Structure† in Earl Eubington and Martin S. Weinberg ed. The Study of Social Problems – Seven Perspectives, London: Oxford University Press. 3. Haralambos, Michael and Holborn, Martin (2000) Sociology – Themes and Perspectives, London: Collins. 4. Mok, James and Chan Shui-ching (2008) A Study on Girls in Gangs, Hong Kong: Research Centre, Hong Kong Federation of Youth Group.